THE CONCEPT OF PROTECTED SPACES IN THE STRUCTURE OF BUILDINGS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS FOR NORMALIZATION IN UKRAINE

Abstract

The article addresses the critical issue of ensuring civil protection for the population amidst ongoing military threats. The study is motivated by the disparity between the existing network of official shelters and their actual accessibility and utilization during emergencies. In many cases, the population prefers hiding within buildings rather than relocating to distant specialized shelters. Purpose. To substantiate the conceptual foundations for a new type of protective object in Ukraine – protected spaces integrated into building structures – and to develop proposals for the regulatory framework. Key steps include analyzing international regulatory experience, comparing the effectiveness of various shelter types through probabilistic calculations, and formulating strategies for a new national building code. Methodology. The research utilizes comparative analysis of international regulations (Israel, Finland, Switzerland, Singapore, Sweden, USA). Mathematical modeling was applied to estimate the probability of population protection based on structural type and accessibility for a calculated 26.6 million urban residents. Shelter attendance statistics and structural material parameters were analyzed. Results. It is demonstrated that protected spaces yield a higher cumulative protection effect (S3 ≈ 0.505 million people) compared to traditional PRU shelters (S1 ≈ 0.239 million people) due to maximum accessibility (95% vs 10%). Three implementation models were analyzed: built-in safe rooms, simplified structures, and disaster shelters. The study justifies focusing on UAV-type threats with wall thicknesses of 150-250 mm. Scientific novelty. A differentiated classification of protected spaces for the Ukrainian context is proposed for the first time: public, restricted (office/apartment), and individual (protective capsules). The study substantiates varying requirements based on construction type (new, reconstruction, capital repair). Practical relevance. The findings will serve as the basis for developing DBN V.2.2-XX-202X "Protected spaces of buildings and structures." Specific requirements for structural stability and standardized load calculations for upper-floor collapses are formulated, enhancing real-world safety without excessive economic costs.